bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2019-1-49-54biosel-15Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEW ARTICLESГеномное редактирование риса при использовании системы CRISPRRice genome editing using CRISPR/Cas systemhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-8254ХлесткинаЕ. К.KhlestkinaE. K.

190000, Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, д. 42-44; 630090, Россия, Новосибирск, пр. Лаврентьева, д. 10.

42–44, Bolshaya Morskaya St., St. Petersburg, 190000; 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090.

khlest@bionet.nsc.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н. И. Вавилова (ВИР); Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН.РоссияN. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources  (VIR);  Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS.Russian Federation201930032019214954Copyright © Хлесткина Е.К., 20192019Хлесткина Е.К.Khlestkina E.K.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/15

Геномное редактирование при использовании системы CRISPR/Cas стало прорывной технологией в области генетики и селекции растений. Из всех возделываемых культур наиболее масштабное применение этой новой технологии наблюдается на рисе. В первую очередь данный факт объясняется не только значимостью культуры, но и относительно высокой эффективностью применения к ней методов генетической трансформации. Хотя конечным результатом геномного редактирования является получение нетрансгенного растения с заданной мутацией (мутациями), неотъемлемым этапом процесса создания такой новой мутантной формы служит применение комплекса методов генетической инженерии. На сегодняшний день система CRISPR/Cas апробирована на десятках генов-мишеней риса, из которых мутации более чем в 30 генах привели к желаемому улучшению селекционно значимых свойств. Остальные эксперименты связаны, главным образом, с про­веркой функций генов, и относятся к области обратной генетики. Улучшение или приобретение новых свойств обусловлено внесением направленных мутаций в гены, влияющие на продуктивность, аромат зерна и его химический состав, сроки цветения, устойчивость к фак­торам биотического и абиотического стресса и гербицидам, а также контроль за опылением, используемый в гибридной селекции. Эти достижения рассматриваются в настоящем обзоре. Важно отметить, что в работы по улучшению сортов риса вовлечены уже около полу­сотни различных генотипов. Это создает предпосылки для широкого практического применения технологий геномного редактирования в программах по селекции риса.

Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system is a breakthrough tech­nology in plant genetics and breeding. The most large-scale application of this new technology on crop species is observed for rice. This fact is explained not only by the significance of this crop, but also by the relatively high transformation amenability. Although the end result of genome editing is a non-transgenic plant with desired mutation (muta­tions), an unavoidable step in the process of creating such a new mutant is the use of genetic engineering methods. To date, the CRISPR/Cas sys­tem has been tested on dozens of rice target genes, of which mutations in more than 30 genes have led to the desired improvement of economically important traits. The remaining experiments are related mainly to the verification of the genes’ functions, and belong to the field of reverse genetics. Improvement or acquisition of new properties is associated with mutations in the genes that affect productivity, grain fragrance and chemical composition, flowering time, the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, and herbicides, as well as pollination control needed in hybrid breeding. These achievements are reviewed in the current article. It is important to note that about fifty different genotypes are already involved in improving rice varieties with the help of genome editing. This creates the prerequisites for a wide practical application of genome editing technologies in rice breeding programs

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.