bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2022-2-o5biosel-155Research ArticleМЕТОДЫ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ И СЕМЕНОВОДСТВЕ РАСТЕНИЙBIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN PLANT BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTIONГенная инженерия хлопчатника: современное состояние и перспективыGenetic engineering of cotton: current status and perspectiveshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2875-3798СмирновК. В.SmirnovK. V.

Кирилл Вадимович Смирнов, магистрант, кафедра генетики и биотехнологии, биологический факультет, СПбГУ, Санкт-Петербург, 199034 Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7/9; инженер-исследователь, лаборатория протеомики надорганизменных систем, ВНИИСХМ, 196608 Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, Пушкин 8, ш. Подбельского, д. 3

Kirill V. Smirnov, master's degree student, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, SPbU, 7/9, Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; research engineer, Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, ARRIAM, 3, Podbelsky Highway, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia

kirill.vad.smirnov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6665МатвееваТ. В.MatveevaT. V.

Татьяна Валерьевна Матвеева, доктор биологических наук, профессор, кафедра генетики и биотехнологии, биологический факультет, СПбГУ, Санкт-Петербург, 199034 Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб.

Tatiana V. Matveeva, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology,  SPbU, 7/9, Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia

t.v.matveeva@spbu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6125-0757ЛутоваЛ. А.LutovaL. A.

Людмила Алексеевна Лутова, доктор биологических наук, профессор, кафедра генетики и биотехнологии, биологический факультет, СПбГУ, 199034 Россия, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7/9

Ludmila A. Lutova, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology,  SPbU, 7/9, Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia

l.lutova@spbu.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологииSt. Petersburg State University, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural MicrobiologyСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетSt. Petersburg State University202216092022522537Copyright © Смирнов К.В., Матвеева Т.В., Лутова Л.А., 20222022Смирнов К.В., Матвеева Т.В., Лутова Л.А.Smirnov K.V., Matveeva T.V., Lutova L.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/155

На настоящий момент сразу несколько представителей рода Gossypium L. культивируют в сельском хозяйстве для производства волокна. Несмотря на то, что хлопчатник возделывается достаточно давно, тем не менее, многие аспекты его культивирования и переработки все еще находятся на стадии исследования. Говоря об агрономии данной культуры, нельзя не упомянуть о ряде фундаментальных проблем. Например, количество пестицидов, расходуемое при культивировании хлопчатника, больше, чем для любой другой культуры. Распыляемые на хлопковых полях химикаты смываются с полей и, попадая в источники пресной воды, загрязняют их, нанося значительный ущерб окружающей среде. Такого рода трудности могут быть преодолены переходом на культивирование трансгенных линий хлопчатника. Внедрение трансгенного хлопчатника в сельское хозяйство имеет важное значение во многих отношениях: экологическом, социальном и экономическом, а именно приводит к сокращению количества используемых для защиты растений пестицидов, косвенному увеличению урожайности, значительному снижению уровня загрязнения окружающей среды, а также к сокращению общих экономических затрат и количества необходимой для возделывания культуры рабочей силы. По сей день, основными способами получения трансгенных линий при работе с хлопчатником все еще являются агробактериальная трансформация и биолистика. Однако в последние годы получают развитие и инновационные методы трансформации. Например, в Китае для получения коммерческого трансгенного хлопчатника с каждым годом все активнее используется привнесение генетического материала в клетку хозяина посредством пыльцевой трубки. И, хотя в последние десятилетия были получены трансгенные линии, устойчивые к болезням и абиотическим стрессам, а также с улучшенным качеством волокна, доминирующее положение на рынке трансгенного хлопчатника все еще занимают линии растений, устойчивых к насекомым и к гербицидам. Все вышеперечисленное говорит о недостаточной степени интеграции между научно-исследовательскими лабораториями, источником новых передовых разработок, и агрономами. В данном обзоре собраны и обобщены результаты исследований, посвященных возделыванию и генетической модификации хлопчатника. Рассмотрены основные методы генетической трансформации культивируемых представителей рода Gossypium, как активно используемые в текущий момент, так и находящиеся в разработке. Также описаны наиболее известные трансгенные линии, среди которых как уже вошедшие в сельское хозяйство, так и лишь недавно полученные. Таким образом, читатель сможет получить общее представление о текущих достижениях в области генетической модификации хлопчатника.

Currently, several species of the genus Gossypium are cultivated to produce fiber. Cotton has been grown for a long time, however, many aspects of its cultivation and processing are still researched. When talking about the agronomy of cotton, some fundamental problems should be mentioned. For example, the amounts of pesticides used in the cultivation of cotton are greater than for any other crop. Chemicals sprayed on cotton are washed away from the fields and pollute fresh water sources, causing significant damage to the environment. Fortunately, such challenges can be overcome by switching to the cultivation of transgenic cotton. The introduction of transgenic cotton has already brought many important environmental, social and economic benefits, including a reduction in the use of pesticides, indirect influence on the increase in yields, minimization of environmental pollution, reduction of economic costs and labor for cultivating the crop. Until today, the main methods of obtaining transgenic cotton lines are still agrobacterial transformation and biolistics. In recent years, however, innovative methods of transformation have also been developed. For example, the pollen tube-mediated introduction of genetic material for obtaining commercial transgenic cotton is actively used in China. Although transgenic lines with resistance to diseases and abiotic stresses, and with improved fiber quality have been obtained in recent decades, the market of transgenic cotton is still dominated by insect- and herbicide-resistant lines. All the above indicates an insufficient integration between institutes as sources of advanced developments and agricultural industry. The present review collected and summarized the results of research on the cultivation and genetic modification of cotton. The main methods of genetic transformation of cultivated representatives of the genus Gossypium, both actively used at present and still under development, were considered. Also, the most remarkable transgenic lines were also described, among which are those that have already been adopted by the agricultural industry and those that have been obtained only recently. Thus, the reader will be able to get a general idea of the current achievements in the field of cotton genetic modification.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.