bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2019-2-44-52biosel-25Research ArticleОБЗОР (ОБЗОР ПРОБЛЕМЫ)REVIEWОтдаленная гибридизация как метод получения гаплоидных растений у злаковDistant hybridization as a method of haploid production in cerealsДьячукТ. И.DjatchoukT. I.

410010, Россия, г. Саратов, ул. Тулайкова, 7

7, Toulaikov St., Saratov, 410010, Russia

cell_selection@list.ruАкининаВ. Н.AkininaV. N.

410010, Россия, г. Саратов, ул. Тулайкова, 7

7, Toulaikov St., Saratov, 410010, Russia

ХомяковаО. В.KhomyakovaO. V.

410010, Россия, г. Саратов, ул. Тулайкова, 7

7, Toulaikov St., Saratov, 410010, Russia

КалашниковаЭ. В.КalashnikovaE. V.

410010, Россия, г. Саратов, ул. Тулайкова, 7

7, Toulaikov St., Saratov, 410010, Russia

Научно‑исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства Юго‑ВостокаAgricultural Research Institute of South‑East RegionНаучно‑исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства Юго‑ВостокаAgricultural Research Institute of South‑East Region201929082019224452Copyright © Дьячук Т.И., Акинина В.Н., Хомякова О.В., Калашникова Э.В., 20192019Дьячук Т.И., Акинина В.Н., Хомякова О.В., Калашникова Э.В.Djatchouk T.I., Akinina V.N., Khomyakova O.V., Кalashnikova E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/25

В статье представлен обзор литературы по получению гаплоидных растений у злаков методом отдаленной гибридизации и механизмы, лежащие в основе селективной элиминации хромосом одного из родительских геномов во время раннего развития зародыша. Элиминация хромосом – распространенный феномен у отдаленных гибридов, который, проявляется в разной степени в различных комбинациях: от потери одной или двух хромосом до элиминации полного набора хромосом одного из родителей. В последнем случае возникают гаплоидные растения, удвоение числа хромосом которых приводит к получению удвоенных гаплоидов (DH‑линий). Гомозиготность удвоенных гаплоидов послужила основой для их широкого использования в генетике и селекции растений. Использование данного подхода позволяет сократить время получения гомозиготных линий в среднем на пять лет, что приводит к экономии, людских ресурсов и посевных площадей. Разработка «bulbosum» метода получения гаплоидов ячменя оказала революционное влияние на хромосомную инженерию злаков и ее использование в селекции растений. Однако разработанный на этой основе метод не мог эффективно использоваться для получения гаплоидов пшеницы, тритикале и других злаков из‑за чувствительности пыльцы Hordeum bulbosum L. к генам‑ингибиторам скрещиваемости пшеницы (Kr‑генам). Эффективным опылителем для различных видов злаков явилась кукуруза. Скрещивания с дикорастущим злаком Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. выявили преимущества по сравнению со скрещиваниями пшеница × кукуруза и тритикале × кукуруза благодаря длительной продолжительности цветения этого вида и высокой частоте формирования зародышей и регенерации гаплоидных растений.

Elimination of chromosomes is a phenomenon widespread in distant hybrids. It ranges from the loss of one or two chromosomes to elimination of whole chromosome complement of one of the parents. Such elimination leads to the production of haploid plants, which then are treated with colchicine to double the chromosome number and to develop DH‑lines. Homozygosity of doubled haploids serves as a basis for their wide use in plant genetics and breeding. The use of this approach reduces the time required for obtaining homozygous lines by 5 years on the average. It leads to savings in human resources, energy and acreage. The development of the “bulbosum” method for haploid barley production had a strong influence on the chromosome engineering in cereals and its implementation in plant breeding. However, the method developed on that basis could not be used effectively for producing haploids of wheat, triticale, etc. because of Hordeum bulbosum L. pollen sensitivity to genes inhibiting wheat crossability (Kr genes). The crosses with Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. is an efficient alternative to the widely used wheat × maize and triticale × maize crosses due to abundant pollen supply within a longer time period, significantly higher frequency of embryos formation and haploid plants regeneration.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.