bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2025-4-o6biosel-305Research ArticleИЗУЧЕНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ РАСТЕНИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЕТОДОВ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНОЙ ГЕНЕТИКИSTUDY OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES USING MOLECULAR GENETICS METHODSTriticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl. как важный генетический ресурс для селекции пшеницыTriticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl. as an important genetic resource for wheat breedinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-2396ФедороваК. А.FedorovaK. A.

Кристина Александровна Федорова, кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник, ВИР

190000 Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44

Kristina A. Fedorova, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Researcher, VIR

42, 44, BolshayaMorskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 190000 Russia

fedorova3190@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-8085-9696СтаровойтоваТ. Е.StarovoitovaT. E.

Татьяна Евгеньевна Старовойтова, аспирант, ВИР

190000 Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44

Tatyana E. Starovoitova, Postgraduate Student,  VIR

42, 44, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 190000 Russia

t.starovojtova@vir.nw.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-5008ШвачкоН. А.ShvachkoN. A.

Наталия Альбертовна Швачко, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, ВИР

190000 Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44

Nataliya A. Shvachko, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher, VIR

42, 44, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 190000 Russia

n.shvachko@vir.nw.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. ВавиловаРоссияN.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic ResourcesRussian Federation20253012202584136149Copyright © Федорова К.А., Старовойтова Т.Е., Швачко Н.А., 20252025Федорова К.А., Старовойтова Т.Е., Швачко Н.А.Fedorova K.A., Starovoitova T.E., Shvachko N.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/305

Большой интерес представляют древние злаковые культуры, обладающие уникальным генетическим разнообразием, обусловливающим широкий спектр наследственных признаков, включая особенности состава белков и микроэлементного комплекса зерна. Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl. или полба – одна из них. Посевы полбы в настоящее время в России встречаются в Республиках Татарстан, Башкортостан, Чувашия, Дагестан и Карачаево-Черкесия. Полба может успешно произрастать в разных почвенно-климатических условиях, характерных для регионов с разными агроэкологическими характеристиками. Зерно полбы отличается высоким содержанием белка, включая все незаменимые аминокислоты, а также богато микроэлементами, витаминами и другими полезными веществами. Полба относится к группе древних злаков, которые имеют общего предка с мягкой пшеницей, и содержит гены, ответственные за признаки одомашнивания. Эти гены являются ценным источником для повышения устойчивости к болезням, адаптации к неблагоприятным климатическим условиям и создания новых сортов. Изучение генетического разнообразия полбы с использованием молекулярных маркеров и доступность эталонного генома открывают новые перспективы для селекции и генетических изменений, применимых к таким зерновым культурам, как полба, ячмень, что приведет к повышению их урожайности и более эффективному использованию полезных свойств. В обзоре обобщены сведения о T. dicoccum, её происхождении, важности одомашнивания, генетическом разнообразии и селекции.

Ancient cereal crops with unique genetic diversity, which determines a wide range of hereditary traits including specific protein composition and micronutrient profiles of the grain, are of great scientific interest. Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl., or emmer wheat, is one such species. In Russia, emmer wheat is currently cultivated in the Republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, Dagestan, and Karachay-Cherkessia. Emmer can successfully grow under various soil and climatic conditions typical of regions with diverse agroecological characteristics. Its grain is rich in protein, including all essential amino acids, as well as in micronutrients, vitamins, and other beneficial compounds. Emmer belongs to the group of ancient wheats that share a common ancestor with bread wheat, and contains genes responsible for domestication traits. These genes are a valuable source for improving disease resistance, adaptation to adverse climatic conditions, and the development of new varieties. The study of genetic diversity in emmer using molecular markers, along with the availability of a reference genome, opens new perspectives for breeding and genetic improvement of cereal crops such as emmer and barley, which may lead to increased yields and more efficient utilization of their beneficial properties. This review summarizes current knowledge on T. dicoccum, its origin, domestication, genetic diversity, and breeding potential.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.