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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biosel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Биотехнология и селекция растений</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Plant Biotechnology and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-6266</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6258</issn><publisher><publisher-name>VIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30901/2658-6266-2019-3-o6</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">biosel-48</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Улучшение питательных свойств зернового сорго на основе методов современной генетики и биотехнологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Improvement of grain sorghum nutritive properties using modern genetic and biotechnological methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-5697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эльконин</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elkonin</surname><given-names>L.  A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">lelkonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панин</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panin</surname><given-names>V.  M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кенжегулов</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kenzhegulov</surname><given-names>O.  A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Геращенков</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerashchenkov</surname><given-names>G.  A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства Юго-Востока</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Agricultural Research Institute of South-East Region</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт биохимии и генетики, Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Эльконин Л.А., Панин В.М., Кенжегулов О.А., Геращенков Г.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эльконин Л.А., Панин В.М., Кенжегулов О.А., Геращенков Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Elkonin L.A., Panin V.M., Kenzhegulov O.A., Gerashchenkov G.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/48">https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/48</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлен обзор работ по использованию методов генетической инженерии и геномного редактирования для улучшения питательной ценности зерна сорго. За последние 5-7 лет в результате экспериментов, выполненных несколькими группами исследователей, созданы трансгенные линии, несущие генетические конструкции для РНК-сайленсинга разных подклассов кафиринов (проламинов зерна сорго). В экспериментах по геномному редактированию с использованием системы CRISPR/Cas9 получены мутанты с делециями и инсерциями в сигнальной последовательности гена, кодируюшего 22 кДа α-кафирин сорго. Такие линии и мутанты характеризуются улучшенной перевариваемостью белков зерна в системе in vitro, измененной ультраструктурой белковых телец и повышенным содержанием лизина. РНК-сайленсинг α-кафирина повышал перевариваемость белков сырой муки, а также муки, подвергшейся кипячению, тогда как сайленсинг γ-кафирина приводил к улучшению перевариваемости белков только сырой муки. Зерновки линий с сайленсингом α-кафирина имеют мучнистый тип эндосперма, что снижает их ценность для прямого коммерческого использования поскольку рыхлый мучнистый эндосперм уменьшает механическую прочность зерновок и способствует их контаминации микрофлорой; однако эти линии могут быть использованы в качестве доноров высокой перевариваемости запасных белков при скрещивании с линиями сорго, адаптированными к местным условиям, для улучшения их питательной ценности. Зерновки линий с сайленсингом γ-кафирина характеризуются разными типами эндосперма: мучнистым, стекловидным или модифицированным типом с вкраплениями стекловидного эндосперма в мучнистый. Этот факт указывает на возможность получения агрономически-ценных линий сорго с высокой перевариваемостью кафиринов и твердым эндоспермом. Повышенное содержание лизина в зерновках линий сорго с подавленным синтезом кафиринов может быть связано с балансировкой уровня белка в эндосперме за счет синтеза других белков, в том числе, с более высоким содержанием незаменимых аминокислот. Наряду с улучшением перевариваемости кафиринов, генно-инженерный подход позволил создать линии сорго с увеличенным содержанием в зерне провитамина А и его повышенной стабильностью при хранении. Результаты работ свидетельствуют о перспективности использования методов РНК-интерференции и геномного редактирования для создания линий сорго с улучшенной питательной ценностью зерна.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents a review of the studies on the use of genetic engineering and genome editing tools for improving nutritional properties of sorghum grain. As a result of experiments performed over the past 5-7 years by several research groups, the created transgenic lines carry genetic constructs for RNA silencing of different kafirin sub-classes (prolamins of sorghum grain). The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing experiments have yielded mutants with deletions and insertions in the signal sequence of the gene encoding the 22 kDa α-kafirin in sorghum. These lines and mutants were characterized by improved in vitro digestibility of grain proteins, altered ultrastructure of protein bodies and an increased content of lysine. RNA silencing of α-kafirin increased the digestibility of proteins of both raw and cooked flour, while silencing of γ-kafirin led to improved digestibility of proteins of only raw flour. The lines with α-kafirin silencing have kernels with the floury endosperm type that discourages their direct commercial use because of fragility and reduced tolerance to fungal contamination; however, these lines can be used as donors of high digestibility trait when crossed with sorghum lines adapted to local conditions to improve their nutritional value. Kernels of the lines with γ-kafirin silencing may have different endosperm types: floury, vitreous, or a modified type with vitreous endosperm interspersed in the floury endosperm. This fact indicates the possibility of producing agronomically important sorghum lines with high kafirin digestibility and hard endosperm. The increased lysine level in kernels of sorghum lines with the suppressed synthesis of kafirins may be caused by rebalancing of protein synthesis in endosperm of developing kernels due to the synthesis of other proteins, including those with a higher content of essential amino acids. Alongside with improving the digestibility of kafirins, the genetic engineering approach allowed the creation of sorghum lines with a high content of provitamin A in grain and its increased stability during long-term storage. The results of these works show that it is promising to use RNA-interference and genome editing for creating sorghum lines with improved nutritional value of grain.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кафирины</kwd><kwd>РНК-сайленсинг</kwd><kwd>геномное редактирование</kwd><kwd>перевариваемость белка in vitro</kwd><kwd>эндосперм</kwd><kwd>Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kafirins</kwd><kwd>RNA silencing</kwd><kwd>genome editing</kwd><kwd>in vitro protein digestibility</kwd><kwd>endosperm</kwd><kwd>Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при частичной поддержке РФФИ, грант №19-016-00117.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bean S.R., Ioerger B.P., Wilson J.D., Tilley M., Rhodes D., Herald T.J. Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain. In: Rooney W. (ed.). Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum. Vol. 2. Sorghum utilization around the world. Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited; 2018. p.3-29. DOI: 10.19103/as.2017.0015.21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bean S.R., Ioerger B.P., Wilson J.D., Tilley M., Rhodes D., Herald T.J. Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain. In: Rooney W. (ed.). Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum. Vol. 2. Sorghum utilization around the world. Cambridge, UK: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited; 2018. p.3-29. 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