bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2020-1-o1biosel-76Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEW ARTICLESГенная инженерия как способ получения декоративных растений с изменённой окраской цветковGenetic engineering as a way to obtain ornamental plants with a changed flower colorhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-4805СанниковаВ. Ю.SannikovaV. Yu.

Биологический факультет

199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7–9

Faculty of Biology

7/9, University Emb., St. Petersburg 199034

st049681@student.spbu.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетSt. Petersburg State University202010082020314045Copyright © Санникова В.Ю., 20202020Санникова В.Ю.Sannikova V.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/76

Важным направлением в цветоводстве является получение новых сортов декоративных растений, среди которых наибольшим спросом пользуются растения с необычной окраской цветков. Ранее для их получения успешно применялись традиционные программы по разведению и селекции. Однако в настоящий момент генная инженерия способна предложить альтернативный путь создания новых форм и сортов. Антоцианы, относящиеся к флавоноидам, беталаины и каротиноиды являются основными типами пигментов, которые синтезируются в растении и отвечают за окраску лепестков цветка. Модификация путей биосинтеза пигментов с помощью методов генной инженерии позволяет добиться результатов, которые не могут быть получены при помощи традиционной селекции. В данном обзоре литературы представлены основные достижения применения методов генной инженерии в цветоводстве путём модификации окраски цветков. Существует несколько основных направлений в работе с генами биосинтеза пигментов. Среди них чаще всего используется стратегия по подавлению экспрессии генов для предотвращения синтеза пигмента или, наоборот, для устранения факторов, препятствующих развитию окраски. Нередко используется метод введения в геном растений дополнительных гетерологичных генов, недостающих в пути биосинтеза пигментов. Также для модификации окраски прибегают к геномному редактированию посредством технологии CRISPR/Cas, но данный метод в отношении декоративных растений стал использоваться относительно недавно. Несмотря на быстрое развитие биотехнологий, существуют препятствия для распространения генномодифицированных растений на мировом рынке. Преодоление ряда проблем сможет сделать производство трансгенных декоративных растений экономически более выгодным и привлекательным, чем выведение новых сортов исключительно с помощью традиционных методов селекции.

An important trend in the field of floriculture is the creation of new varieties of ornamental plants, among which varieties with unusual color are most in demand. To this end, traditional breeding and selection programs have been successfully applied for many years. However, currently genetic engineering is able to offer an alternative way to obtain new forms and varieties. Anthocyanins belonging to flavonoids, betalains and carotenoids are the main types of pigments that are synthesized in the plant and are responsible for the color of flower petals. The modification of pigment biosynthesis pathways using genetic engineering techniques can produce results that cannot be obtained by traditional breeding. This review presents the main advances in the application of genetic engineering techniques in floriculture using the example of flower color modification. There are several main areas of work with the genes of pigment biosynthesis. Among them, the strategy of suppressing gene expression is used most often. Expression of certain genes is suppressed to prevent pigment synthesis, or vice versa, to eliminate factors that hinder color development. The method of additional heterologous genes insertion to plants lacking them in the pathway of pigment biosynthesis is often used. Genomic editing, in particular by using the CRISPR/Cas system, is also used for color modification, but the application of this method to ornamental plants is a relatively recent innovation. Despite the rapid development of biotechnology, there are obstacles to the distribution of genetically modified plants on the world market. By addressing a number of problems, the production of transgenic ornamental plants may become economically more cost-effective and attractive than the development of new varieties exclusively through traditional breeding methods.

декоративные растениягенная инженерияокраска цветкаагробактериальная трансформацияCRISPR/Casгеномное редактированиеornamental plantsgenetic engineeringflower colorAgro-bacterium-mediated transformationCRISPR/Casgenome editingОбзор подготовлен в рамках магистерской программы «Молекулярная биология и агробиотехнология растений» биологического факультета СПбГУ. Особую благодарность автор выражает д.б.н. Матвеевой Татьяне Валерьевне за предложенную тему обзора и ценные замечания.The review was prepared as part of the master degree program in Molecular Biology and Plant Agrobiotechnology of the Faculty of Biology of St. Petersburg State University. The author expresses special gratitude to Dr. Biol. Sci. Tatyana V. Matveeva for the proposed topic of the review and valuable comments.ReferencesAida R., Kishimoto S., Tanaka Y., Shibata M. Modification of flower color in torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind.) by genetic transformation. Plant Science. 2000a;151(1):33-42. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.