bioselБиотехнология и селекция растенийPlant Biotechnology and Breeding2658-62662658-6258VIR10.30901/2658-6266-2020-1-o2biosel-77Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEW ARTICLESРедактирование генов пшеницы, ячменя и кукурузы с использованием системы CRISPR/CasWheat, barley and maize genes editing using the CRISPR/Cas systemhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-1348СтрыгинаК. В.StryginaK. V.

190000, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44

42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 190000

k.strygina@vir.nw.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-8254ХлесткинаЕ. К.KhlestkinaE. K.

190000, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Б. Морская, 42, 44630090, г. Новосибирск, пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 10

42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, St. Petersburg 19000010 Acad. Lavrentyeva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090

Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н. И. ВавиловаРоссияN.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic ResourcesRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений имени Н. И. Вавилова; Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияN.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources; Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202011082020314656Copyright © Стрыгина К.В., Хлесткина Е.К., 20202020Стрыгина К.В., Хлесткина Е.К.Strygina K.V., Khlestkina E.K.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://biosel.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/77

Точное редактирование генов растительных организмов, обладающих сложными геномами, долгое время оставалось трудной задачей. Технология CRISPR/Cas, разработанная в последнее десятилетие, стала одним из наиболее предпочтительных инструментов для сайт-направленного мутагенеза генов растений и быстро заменила системы ZFN и TALEN. Однако, несмотря на то, что система CRISPR/Cas показала себя как эффективный инструмент модификации генома диплоидных видов, её применение для таких организмов, как злаки, обладающих сложными и, в случае мягкой пшеницы, полиплоидными геномами, осложняется рядом препятствий. В данном обзоре собраны основные результаты, полученные при использовании системы CRISPR/Cas на хозяйственно ценных злаках – мягкой пшенице Triticum aestivum L., ячмене Hordeum vulgare L. и кукурузе Zea mays L., структура генома которых увеличивает вероятность появления нецелевых мутаций и снижает специфичность редактирования. С каждым годом количество методических публикаций по направленному мутагенезу данных культур, нацеленных на оптимизацию и улучшение работы системы CRISPR/Cas, экспоненциально увеличивается, а эффективность редактирования достигает 100% для кукурузы и ячменя. Экспериментальные статьи, главным образом, направлены на улучшение хозяйственно ценных признаков растений, таких как повышение урожайности, питательной ценности и появление устойчивости к заболеваниям и гербицидам. Улучшение растений также связано с редактированием генов, влияющих на контроль опыления, который используется в гибридной селекции. Это создаёт предпосылки к созданию новых селекционных форм и к насыщению уже имеющихся сортов кукурузы, ячменя и пшеницы необходимыми свойствами.

Precise editing of the genes of plant organisms with complex genomes has long been a difficult task. The CRISPR/Cas technology developed in the last decade has become one of the preferred tools for site-directed mutagenesis of plant genes and has quickly replaced the ZFN and TALEN systems. However, while the CRISPR/Cas system has proven to be an effective tool for modifying the genome of diploid species, its application to organisms such as cereals with complex and, in the case of common wheat, polyploid genomes is complicated by a number of obstacles. This review summarizes the main results obtained using the CRISPR/Cas system in such economically valuable cereals as common wheat Triticum aestivum L., barley Hordeum vulgare L., and maize Zea mays L., the genome structure of which increases the probability of the emergence of non-target mutations and reduces the specificity of editing. Every year the number of methodological publications on the directed mutagenesis of these crops, aimed at optimizing and improving the performance of the CRISPR/Cas system, increases exponentially, and the editing efficiency reaches 100% for maize and barley. The experimental articles are mainly aimed at improving the economically important traits of plants, such as improved yields, nutritional value and resistance to diseases and herbicides. Plant improvement is also associated with editing genes that affect pollination control, which is used in hybrid breeding. This creates the prerequisites for the creation of new maize, barley and wheat varieties, and for the saturation of existing ones with the necessary properties.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.