Отдаленная гибридизация как метод получения гаплоидных растений у злаков

В статье представлен обзор литературы по получению гаплоидных растений у злаков методом отдаленной гибридизации и механизмы, лежащие в основе селективной элиминации хромосом одного из родительских геномов во время раннего развития зародыша. Элиминация хромосом – распространенный феномен у отдаленных гибридов, который, проявляется в разной степени в различных комбинациях: от потери одной или двух хромосом до элиминации полного набора хромосом одного из родителей. В последнем случае возникают гаплоидные растения, удвоение числа хромосом которых приводит к получению удвоенных гаплоидов (DH‑линий). Гомозиготность удвоенных гаплоидов послужила основой для их широкого использования в генетике и селекции растений. Использование данного подхода позволяет сократить время получения гомозиготных линий в среднем на пять лет, что приводит к экономии, людских ресурсов и посевных площадей. Разработка «bulbosum» метода получения гаплоидов ячменя оказала революционное влияние на хромосомную инженерию злаков и ее использование в селекции растений. Однако разработанный на этой основе метод не мог эффективно использоваться для получения гаплоидов пшеницы, тритикале и других злаков из‑за чувствительности пыльцы Hordeum bulbosum L. к генам‑ингибиторам скрещиваемости пшеницы (Kr‑генам). Эффективным опылителем для различных видов злаков явилась кукуруза. Скрещивания с дикорастущим злаком Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. выявили преимущества по сравнению со скрещиваниями пшеница × кукуруза и тритикале × кукуруза благодаря длительной продолжительности цветения этого вида и высокой частоте формирования зародышей и регенерации гаплоидных растений.

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