Гены-мишени для метаболической инженерии представителей семейства Solanaceae: эволюция и структурная организация

Метаболическая инженерия растений является инструментом получения продуцентов ценных метаболитов, и также может применяться для снижения токсичности ядовитых растений с целью расширения области их применения. Культурные растения семейства пасленовых широко применяются в хозяйственных целях. Вторичный метаболизм пасленовых (Solanaceae) отличается широким разнообразием. В селекции картофеля и томата направленно отбирались формы растений со сниженной токсичностью, а в селекции такого экзотического индийского растения, как витания снотворная (Withania somnifera L.), напротив, отбирались растения с повышенной токсичностью. В результате естественных процессов и направленного отбора, в геномах пасленовых сформировались сложные системы генов, регулирующих разнообразные биосинтетические процессы. Недавние исследования показывают, что формирование генетического контроля вторичного метаболизма происходило путем дупликаций генов первичного метаболизма и формирования кластеров, регулирующих новые метаболические пути. Секвенирование геномов пасленовых дает возможность отследить эволюционные пути формирования метаболизма алкалоидов, одних из наиболее представленных токсичных метаболитов этого семейства. Знание геномной организации и эволюции метаболизма алкалоидов позволяет предлагать стратегии по модификации его генетического контроля с целью снижения токсичности растений табака и картофеля. Получение безникотиновых форм табака (Nicotiana tabacum L.) позволит более широко вовлекать эту культуру в биотехнологию как перспективную растительную систему синтеза рекомбинантных белков. Снижение токсичности картофеля актуально для некоторых сортов и необходимо при привлечении в селекцию диких родственников этой культуры. В отличие от культурного картофеля (Solanum tuberosum L.), многие дикие родственные ему виды накапливают токсичные стероидные гликоалкалоиды, что мешает введению этих видов в селекцию как доноров генов устойчивости к различным биотическим и абиотическим факторам.

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