Редактирование генов пшеницы, ячменя и кукурузы с использованием системы CRISPR/Cas

Точное редактирование генов растительных организмов, обладающих сложными геномами, долгое время оставалось трудной задачей. Технология CRISPR/Cas, разработанная в последнее десятилетие, стала одним из наиболее предпочтительных инструментов для сайт-направленного мутагенеза генов растений и быстро заменила системы ZFN и TALEN. Однако, несмотря на то, что система CRISPR/Cas показала себя как эффективный инструмент модификации генома диплоидных видов, её применение для таких организмов, как злаки, обладающих сложными и, в случае мягкой пшеницы, полиплоидными геномами, осложняется рядом препятствий. В данном обзоре собраны основные результаты, полученные при использовании системы CRISPR/Cas на хозяйственно ценных злаках – мягкой пшенице Triticum aestivum L., ячмене Hordeum vulgare L. и кукурузе Zea mays L., структура генома которых увеличивает вероятность появления нецелевых мутаций и снижает специфичность редактирования. С каждым годом количество методических публикаций по направленному мутагенезу данных культур, нацеленных на оптимизацию и улучшение работы системы CRISPR/Cas, экспоненциально увеличивается, а эффективность редактирования достигает 100% для кукурузы и ячменя. Экспериментальные статьи, главным образом, направлены на улучшение хозяйственно ценных признаков растений, таких как повышение урожайности, питательной ценности и появление устойчивости к заболеваниям и гербицидам. Улучшение растений также связано с редактированием генов, влияющих на контроль опыления, который используется в гибридной селекции. Это создаёт предпосылки к созданию новых селекционных форм и к насыщению уже имеющихся сортов кукурузы, ячменя и пшеницы необходимыми свойствами.

геномное редактирование, Hordeum, Triticum, Zea, качество зерна, мужская стерильность, направленный мутагенез, период покоя семян, повышение урожайности, устойчивость к болезням

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