Генная инженерия хлопчатника: современное состояние и перспективы

На настоящий момент сразу несколько представителей рода Gossypium L. культивируют в сельском хозяйстве для производства волокна. Несмотря на то, что хлопчатник возделывается достаточно давно, тем не менее, многие аспекты его культивирования и переработки все еще находятся на стадии исследования. Говоря об агрономии данной культуры, нельзя не упомянуть о ряде фундаментальных проблем. Например, количество пестицидов, расходуемое при культивировании хлопчатника, больше, чем для любой другой культуры. Распыляемые на хлопковых полях химикаты смываются с полей и, попадая в источники пресной воды, загрязняют их, нанося значительный ущерб окружающей среде. Такого рода трудности могут быть преодолены переходом на культивирование трансгенных линий хлопчатника. Внедрение трансгенного хлопчатника в сельское хозяйство имеет важное значение во многих отношениях: экологическом, социальном и экономическом, а именно приводит к сокращению количества используемых для защиты растений пестицидов, косвенному увеличению урожайности, значительному снижению уровня загрязнения окружающей среды, а также к сокращению общих экономических затрат и количества необходимой для возделывания культуры рабочей силы. По сей день, основными способами получения трансгенных линий при работе с хлопчатником все еще являются агробактериальная трансформация и биолистика. Однако в последние годы получают развитие и инновационные методы трансформации. Например, в Китае для получения коммерческого трансгенного хлопчатника с каждым годом все активнее используется привнесение генетического материала в клетку хозяина посредством пыльцевой трубки. И, хотя в последние десятилетия были получены трансгенные линии, устойчивые к болезням и абиотическим стрессам, а также с улучшенным качеством волокна, доминирующее положение на рынке трансгенного хлопчатника все еще занимают линии растений, устойчивых к насекомым и к гербицидам. Все вышеперечисленное говорит о недостаточной степени интеграции между научно-исследовательскими лабораториями, источником новых передовых разработок, и агрономами. В данном обзоре собраны и обобщены результаты исследований, посвященных возделыванию и генетической модификации хлопчатника. Рассмотрены основные методы генетической трансформации культивируемых представителей рода Gossypium, как активно используемые в текущий момент, так и находящиеся в разработке. Также описаны наиболее известные трансгенные линии, среди которых как уже вошедшие в сельское хозяйство, так и лишь недавно полученные. Таким образом, читатель сможет получить общее представление о текущих достижениях в области генетической модификации хлопчатника.

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