The study of genetic resource collections has led to the development of modern biotechnology methods. Today, with the accumulation of big data in genomics and omics, biological collections are of paramount importance for the development of personalized approaches in medicine and nutrition. Interdisciplinary comprehensive research in the field of healthy nutrition, based on classical nutrition and dietetics, now encompasses human nutriogenomics using omics approaches, nutritional and nutriogenomic experiments on model animals, nutritional phenotyping of plant genetic resources along with their biochemical and metabolomic analysis, and science-intensive methods for processing plant materials. It is emphasized that such an integrated approach not only forms the basis for important developments in personalized nutrition but also opens the door to personalized plant breeding for the human diet. Emphasis is placed on the study of the genetic resources of cultivated plants with geroprotective properties and the importance of biofortification of plant varieties used in the production of everyday foods.